The Working Environment
The applications of nonacademic mathematics discussed in Section 2 arise from a mixture of fields tied to the missions of industrial and governmental organizations. We now describe how the nature of nonacademic mathematics shapes and defines the working environment for its practitioners---industrial mathematicians. Successful industrial mathematicians contribute to their organization's mission, are interested in working on new areas of application, possess both breadth and depth in mathematics, have good interpersonal skills, and are adept at computation.- Mathematicians as part of their organization
- Depth and breadth in mathematics
- Interest in and knowledge of other areas
- Formulating problems and finding solutions
- Communication and teamwork
- How mathematicians are viewed
Formulating problems and finding solutions
In the life of a nonacademic mathematician, two themes not traditionally associated with core academic mathematics emerged clearly from our surveys, site visits, and discussions:- problem formulation as an interactive and continuing process;
- collaboration and communication on several levels.
The hardest task for a mathematician is developing the real problem requirements. The user doesn't usually know what the solution will look like in the end.For a nonacademic mathematician, "solving" a problem usually does not mean a tidy theorem or counterexample, or even one-shot numerical results. Industrial problems typically evolve over time, as inadequacies in the original model are revealed or data and assumptions become more precise. Once a mathematician successfully obtains a theoretical or numerical solution to an initial, possibly simplified problem, he or she is frequently asked to analyze and solve an extended, sometimes fundamentally different, problem. In other cases, mathematicians can show that a particular mathematical formulation is flawed, but this does not dispose of the original, larger problem that remains to be solved. Arriving at the best formulation of a problem—realistic, yet mathematically reasonable—is an inherently interactive and complicated process.
Sometimes customers recognize the problems. In other cases, all they can do is express their frustration and you must figure out the problem.
Problems never come in formulated as mathematics problems. A mathematician's biggest contribution to a team is often an ability to state the right question.
It is essentially never the case that someone comes in and says "Here is an equation; please solve it", and then that's the end of the story. The mathematics presented in the first discussion is usually the tip of the iceberg.In addition to dealing with shifting problem formulations, industrial mathematicians are expected to provide ``answers'' even when no rigorous solution can be found. Timely, useful results, albeit incomplete, are often of critical importance, especially during the process of problem formulation. In some instances, it is more productive to expose quickly a potentially defective formulation than to work out a lengthy complete solution.
You may be ahead if you find only 80% of the solution if this takes 20% of the work required to find the complete solution.
Most problems must be "solved" in hours or days; this often means finding an adequate solution rather than a perfect one.
Industrial mathematicians are almost always asked to find the best solution under time and budget constraints.
Communication and teamwork
Section 3.1--Section 3.4 have stressed that mathematicians in industry are not solving problems solely for themselves and other mathematicians: they must actively collaborate with colleagues and managers who are not mathematicians, and they must be able to justify the value of their work to their organization.It is almost never possible for a nonacademic mathematician to work in isolation and communicate only with specialists in a narrow area. Successful industrial mathematicians accordingly require a high degree of communication skills in several forms—speaking, writing, and listening—and at several levels. Technical and business interactions often continue over a long period of time, so that clear exchanges of information and ideas are crucial.
You can't just toss the results over the fence.The importance of communication skills is emphasized equally strongly in other, more general studies such as [IRI91, NRC-Grad, Natr89].
It is essential that you follow up on the problem; check whether the customer has implemented your solution, whether it worked out, whether further tuning is necessary.
The most effective people are those who can interact, understand, translate. A key is being able to explain something outside your discipline.
During our site visits, we heard frequently that industrial mathematicians must possess a closely related quality: the ability to work effectively in close collaboration with diverse groups.
Lack of interpersonal and team skills is the primary cause of failure in industry. An example of failure was a mathematician who would talk only to other mathematicians, and whose attitude was "Just tell me what the problem is and I will solve it."Recent studies have highlighted a similar need for teamwork among Ph.D.'s of all varieties employed outside academia; see, for example, [IRI91, NRC-Grad]. A closely related issue is the need for an attitude of flexibility and a willingness to use different techniques and work in new areas.
How mathematicians are viewed
As a final element in our examination of the working environment for industrial mathematicians, we asked site visit participants and managers in the telephone survey about two issues: Why are mathematicians valued? What are their perceived strong and weak points? There was a high degree of consistency in the answers to these questions, particularly to the first.Numerous site visit participants articulated, sometimes in almost identical words, two main reasons that industrial mathematicians are valued:
- highly developed skills in abstraction, analysis of underlying structures, and logical thinking;
- expertise with the best tools for formulating and solving problems.
Powerful—even pure—mathematicians are better equipped to keep going when textbooks have to be left behind.The key idea is not that mathematicians are ignorant of details, but that their training equips them to deal with problems at an abstract, system-wide level, independently of commitments to a particular approach or technology.
Mathematicians do not always know the answers, but they know the right questions to ask and they know when the questions being asked are wrong.
Mathematicians are better equipped than others in coming up with the correct definitions of problems and developing the right level of abstraction.
Mathematicians have an ability to deal with abstraction, uncoupled from specific technology and involving many subsystems; to develop models for the abstract systems; to use a common language (mathematics) to communicate the results; and to apply well-developed skills to spot hidden gaps and identify connections.
An example of these abilities was described during a site visit: mathematicians were modeling a production plant running below design capacity and began asking for data about aspects of the plant operation. Their systematic questions highlighted the root of the problem before a model was even assembled. Details that we heard of the stories sketched in Section 2.2 illustrate the crucial "edge" provided by mathematical insights and techniques.
A distinction between Ph.D.'s and master's graduates frequently mentioned during site visits was that master's graduates are willing to "look under the hood"; that they are more flexible, especially with an undergraduate degree in a second discipline; and that they are willing to approach any problem. On the other hand, a Ph.D. is seen as bringing a deeper understanding of how to solve difficult problems.
Managers interviewed by telephone were asked about the reasons for hiring mathematicians. The most frequent specific answers given for hiring Ph.D.'s and master's graduates are grouped and summarized next, with percentage of respondents shown in parentheses.
Why hire mathematics Ph.D.'s?
- Analytical and problem-solving skills (58%)
- Conceptual breadth, transitions across disciplines (28%)
- Skill with numerical algorithms (14%)
- Logical, sophisticated thinking (36%)
- Understanding of algorithms, techniques, and theory (27%)
- Higher level of mathematics training (24%)
- Advanced, abstract problem-solving (13%)
- Logical and analytical skills (43%)
- High level of mathematical training (35%)
- Knowledge of techniques and algorithms (22%)
- Linking theory with applications (25%)
- Knowledge of algorithms and mathematical techniques (20%)
- Mathematical skills and expertise (20%)
- Logical, analytical skills (18%)
- Computational skills (17%)
A weakness of a mathematician is tunnel vision: write a paper and that's the solution.Mathematicians are sometimes viewed as being unwilling to become involved with an organization's real business issues, perhaps because, one stereotype suggests, those problems are not sufficiently elegant or interesting mathematically to warrant attention.
Some managers feel that mathematicians in general have a bad image; they don't care about the real environment---realistic models, cost, implementation. They are concerned instead with proving irrelevant theorems.
It is important for mathematicians to learn that they can't continue their investigations forever. They have to learn to say ``enough'' in the available time.
Managers in the telephone survey were asked to name areas in which mathematicians could improve; the most frequent responses are shown with the percentage of respondents in parentheses.
In what areas could industrial mathematicians be improved?
- Understanding of and interest in practical applications (41%)
- Communication skills, interaction with others (36%)
- Breadth of knowledge of other areas (23%)